Source data for the "An Ingestible Material-Microbial-Microelectronic Capsule System for Controlled Gastric Retention and Health-Related Biomarker Monitoring"

Gastric biomarker detection has been hindered by the lack of a platform capable of long-term, semi-quantitative in vivo monitoring. We address this unmet need through establishing an ingestible 3M-capsule that encapsulates engineered microbial sensors within an acid-resistant, swellable hydrogel materials, interfaced with a miniaturized wireless microelectronic circuit. The controlled capsule swelling for reliable retention and followed by triggered disintegration were validated in both canine and porcine gastric models. In vitro validation under simulated gastric conditions confirmed dose-responsive bioluminescence across physiological concentrations of biomarkers, e.g. arabinose and heme. In porcine models, the capsule system achieved continuous gastric residency for over several days and demonstrated real-time, semi-quantitative tracking of heme levels within 8-hour detection window. The incorporation of dual-detection-threshold capsules enables precise stratification of bleeding severity across defined intervals, with discriminative detection at key thresholds. This breakthrough establishes a scalable biohybrid interface for in vivo biomarker monitoring, showcasing the transformative potential of merging synthetic biology with biomedical materials and microelectronics for advanced diagnostic applications.