Functional ground cover enhances biocontrol of Frankliniella occidentalis in plateau apple orchards

Table1 Occurrence period and sex ratio of F. occidentalis in apple orchards with different ground cover systems. Table2 Population dynamics of F. occidentalis across different phenological stages of apple trees. Table 3 List of entomophagous insects in apple orchards with different ground cover systems. Table 4 Temporal niche breadth index and niche overlap index of F. occidentalis and major entomophagous insects. Fig.2 Population dynamics of major entomophagous insects in apple orchards with different ground cover systems. Fig.3(A) Population dynamics of F. occidentalis and entomophagous insects in apple orchards with three ground cover systems. Note the logarithmic scale on the vertical axis; Fig.3(B) Population dynamics of F. occidentalis and its entomophagous insects during the apple annual growth cycle. Fig. 4 Correlation analysis between F. occidentalis and entomophagous insects in three ground cover systems.