Obesity as a cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes

Aim. To evaluate the impact of maternal obesity on pregnancy outcomes, perinatal complications, and the prevalence of somatic and gynecological disorders in pregnant women with increased body mass. Materials and methods. A comparative study was conducted including two groups: 100 pregnant women with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg / m2) and 100 women with normal weight. Anthropometric parameters, somatic and gynecological history, pregnancy complications, and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test and χ2 test (p 0.05). Results. Women with obesity had higher age (30.10 ± 5.60 years old versus 25.13 ± 4.52 years old; p 0.05), body weight (82.75 ± 6.74 kg versus 65.07 ± 4.40 kg; p 0.05), and body mass index (31.30 ± 3.40 kg / m2 versus 23.70 ± 2.85 kg / m2; p 0.05). They demonstrated increased frequencies of hypertension (33 % versus 16 %), asthma (7 % versus 1 %), hypothyroidism (20 % versus 7 %), chronic pyelonephritis (26 % versus 15 %), and menstrual disorders (49 % versus 17 %). Pregnancy in the obese group was characterized by significantly higher rates of preeclampsia (47 % versus 19 %), gestational hypertension (45 % versus 17 %), threatened miscarriage (21 % versus 9 %), cervical insufficiency (9 % versus 2 %), and polyhydramnios (8 % versus 3 %). Cesarean delivery was more common in the obese group (69 % versus 28 %). Neonatal complications – including asphyxia (16 % versus 7 %), congenital malformations of the heart and kidneys (7 % versus 1 %), and hyperbilirubinemia (6 % versus 1 %) – also occurred more frequently. Conclusion. Maternal obesity is strongly associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and should be considered a major risk factor requiring intensified clinical monitoring.