IRREVERSIBILITY ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN NON-DARCY TERNARY AND HYBRID NANOFLUID FLOW THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OVER A STRETCHING SHEET

The growing need to use effective thermal management in the industry, renewable energy systems and effective cooling technologies, drives the need to develop high-performance heat transfer fluids. A promising solution is ternary hybrid nanofluids, which consist of several nanoparticles and improve the ability of conventional fluids in terms of heat and mass transfer. This study investigates the two-dimensional, convective magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of ternary (Cu-Fe3O4-SiO2/H2O) and hybrid (Cu-Fe3O4/H2O) configuration of nanofluids across a convectively heated stretched sheet under the influence of magnetic field. The governing equations incorporating convective boundary conditions are solved using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF-45) algorithm combined with the shooting method. Various parameter values of Cu-Fe3O4-SiO2/H2O and Cu-Fe3O4/H2O nanofluids are studied to analyse velocity and temperature profiles. It is found that the velocity downgrades with an augmentation in nanoconcentration while enhances with stronger buoyancy effects (G). The temperature profile upsurges with rising nanoconcentration magnetic parameter (M), radiation parameter (Rd), heat source parameter (Qs), Eckert number (Ec), Biot number and Forchheimer parameter (fs). Also, entropy generation (Ns) intensifies near the stretching sheet as M and Rd increase. The Nusselt number enlarges with increasing while it reduces under the influence of G, M, Rd and Ec. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing thermal systems, improving energy efficiency, and reducing operational costs in engineering applications.