Therapeutic targets of disease-modifying therapy for secondary osteoarthritis (DMOADs): a systematic review

Secondary osteoarthritis (OA) may develop in the setting of various diseases and injuries of the joints, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis, PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This article presents a systematic review of highly purified standardized drugs of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) used in the treatment of secondary OA in various models of RA, PsA, and AS. The molecular links of targeting the pathogenesis of secondary OA are considered in specific detail. CS and GS are shown to inhibit hyperinflammation through the CD44 and TLR2/4/8 receptors, as well as the NF-κB transcription factor, thus acting as a disease-modifying therapy for RA, PsA, and AS. Experimental and clinical studies of the effects of CS and GS in RA, PsA, and AS have confirmed the prospects of their standardized forms for use in the treatment and prevention of the diseases under consideration.