Metabolic disorders in obesity and overweight

The global prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, contributing to a substantial increase in chronic diseases and placing a growing burden on healthcare systems. This trend also leads to substantial economic challenges. This review focuses on metabolic disturbances associated with obesity and overweight. A search and analysis were conducted in PubMed and eLibrary databases for publications from 2005 to 2025. The analysis provides data on the prevalence of obesity and overweight across different regions worldwide among adults and children, as well as risks and diseases associated with metabolic disturbances. The role of adipose tissue–derived mediators (including cytokines and adipokines) in the development of pathological conditions is discussed. The contribution of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies to the development of diet-related diseases in individuals with obesity and overweight is described. Recommendations are provided for reducing the risk of metabolic disturbances through optimization of nutritional support. Based on the findings, abnormalities underlying metabolic syndrome are largely preventable and amenable to treatment. Effective management of obesity and overweight requires the development of a comprehensive strategy based on creating a health-promoting environment through population-wide health promotion and obesity prevention measures; targeted screening; timely and clearly regulated care for at-risk patients; and ensuring access to patient-centered healthcare services.