Meningiomas: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutics-Current Perspectives and a Holistic Review

Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system tumors. They are benign and slow-growing neoplasms. Although they are benign, they can cause symptoms and morbidity depending on their location. Molecular markers gained importance in the 2021 World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors, and specific molecular biomarkers have been suggested to support the grading of meningiomas. Surgery is the standard therapy, providing tissue for histopathological typing and grading. Radiotherapy is an alternative for meningiomas that cannot be operated on or completely resected. Radiotherapy is not recommended for completely resected grade-1 meningiomas, while adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended for patients with grade-2 or grade-3 meningiomas. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, treatment, and the role of radiotherapy in the treatment approach of meningiomas following the WHO 2021 classification updates.