A Detailed Picture of Haiti’s Seismicity Given by Deep Learning and Template Matching

Abstract Haiti regularly experiences destructive earthquakes, but seismic monitoring in the region has historically been limited. Recent deployments of citizen-hosted RaspberryShake seismometers and temporary seismic deployment following the 2021 Mw 7.2 earthquake provide new data to study the region’s seismotectonics. However, high noise levels at many stations, in particular the RaspberryShake ones, limit detection, hence the fault imaging capability of these instruments. This study explores the use of a Deep Learning denoising algorithm, DeepDenoiser, to improve their seismic signal and earthquake detection capabilities. We find that DeepDenoiser raises the average signal-to-noise ratio of seismic signals by 4.7 dB and increases earthquake detections, but also raises false detections when using short-term average/long-term average and deep learning detection methods. Template matching, however, when combined with DeepDenoiser, yields more true detections and fewer false detections than traditional band-pass-filtered waveforms. This suggests that DeepDenoiser is better suited for retrospective studies than for real-time applications. Using DeepDenoiser and template matching, we compile a 2 yr, high-resolution earthquake catalog for Haiti containing about three times the number of events of the original catalog. The improved catalog furthers our understanding of the 2021 Mw 7.2 earthquake sequence, highlighting particularly clearly the segmented nature of the aftershock distribution with a generally northeast-dipping cluster in the east that coincides with the hypocenter and first reverse phase of the rupture, and a series of aftershocks farther west that coincide with the mostly strike-slip phase of the rupture. The improved catalog also reveals potentially fluid-induced offshore seismic swarms in the Jérémie basin and active seismicity below Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic. This catalog advances our understanding of the region’s seismicity and provides further opportunities to study the larger regional tectonic context.