Risk factors associated with wound dehiscence in post-laparotomy patients: a prospective observational study

Background: Wound dehiscence is a serious post-operative complication following laparotomy, associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and additional surgical interventions. Understanding the risk factors is crucial for prevention and improved patient outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with wound dehiscence in post-laparotomy patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College and Hospital, Dhule, Maharashtra from March 2023 to December 2024, including 80 patients who developed wound dehiscence following laparotomy. Data collected included demographics, clinical presentation, nature of surgery, comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and management strategies. Results: The mean age was 52.4±14.2 years with male predominance (67.5%). Emergency surgeries accounted for 73.75% of cases. Ileal perforation (21.25%) and intestinal obstruction (18.75%) were the most common diagnoses. Anemia (67.5%), hypoalbuminemia (58.75%), and diabetes mellitus (47.5%) were prevalent comorbidities. Surgical site infection was present in 80% of patients. Most cases presented on postoperative day 6-7 (63.75%). Conservative management was successful in 70% of cases. Conclusion: Wound dehiscence is multifactorial, with significant associations to emergency surgery, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, diabetes mellitus, and surgical site infection. Early identification of risk factors and appropriate perioperative management may reduce incidence and improve outcomes.