Oral health alterations among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: a comparative clinical study

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring haemodialysis is associated with multiple systemic and oral manifestations. These may be compounded in patients with co-existing diabetes mellitus (DM), which alters salivary composition, immune function, and tissue healing. This study compares oral and dental manifestations among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing haemodialysis. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre on 120 ESRD patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis, divided into diabetic (n=60) and non-diabetic (n=60) groups. Data were collected through clinical examination, structured questionnaire, salivary pH testing, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index scoring, and community periodontal index (CPI) index assessment. Statistical analysis included chi-square and Student’s t-test, with p