Molecular diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Nipah virus: implications for surveillance and control

The Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly dangerous zoonotic virus that continues to threaten global health. Its alarming case fatality rate, ability to spread from person to person, and potential to jump from wildlife to humans make it a serious concern. To effectively monitor and control this virus, it’s crucial to understand its molecular diversity and how it evolves. We carried out an extensive review of existing genomic, phylogenetic, and epidemiological research on NiV. Our focus was on understanding its genetic diversity, patterns of recombination, and traits specific to different lineages. We also looked into the current shortcomings in surveillance, diagnostics, and public health responses through a One Health lens. We identified two main lineages—NiV-Malaysia (NiV-MY) and NiV-Bangladesh (NiV-BD)—which show unique transmission patterns and genetic characteristics. Our phylogenomic analysis uncovered lineage-specific mutations in the glycoprotein and polymerase genes, some of which are under positive selection. Additionally, recombination events and mutations within hosts indicate that the virus is adapting. However, there’s still a lack of data from wildlife reservoirs, and many diagnostic tools do not account for genetic variations. These insights underscore the urgent need for improved surveillance strategies, outbreak readiness, and vaccine development. To prevent the emergence of NiV, we urgently need to enhance genomic surveillance, integrate one health approaches across sectors, and conduct functional studies on mutations that define different lineages. Adapting diagnostics and vaccine strategies to keep pace with viral evolution will be crucial in reducing the risk of future outbreaks.