Potential strategy for immunity development and microbiota shaping – Breastfeeding, its challenges and awareness about human milk bank

Background: Breastfeeding is a vital natural process that plays a key role in motherhood. Human breast milk is not only a source of nutrition but also contains beneficial micro biotas that significantly contribute to the establishment of the infant’s gut micro biome and the development of the newborn's immune system. The practice of breastfeeding is influenced by several factors, including the mother’s knowledge, attitude, practical skills, and social observations. Working mothers, in particular, often face numerous challenges in sustaining breastfeeding and require adequate support to continue this essential practice.Objectives:The objectives of the study were to identify and address the challenges faced by breastfeeding mothers, both working and non-working. It aimed to assess the benefits of breast milk in supporting the development of the infant’s immune system and in shaping the gut micro biota. Additionally, the study sought to create awareness among the population about the concept and importance of Human Milk Banks.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected through personal interviews with each participant. Individuals were randomly selected, and written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Data were gathered using a pre-tested, pre-formed questionnaire.Results: In this study of 400 mothers, 60% practiced exclusive breastfeeding for six months, with a higher rate among non-working mothers (68%) compared to working mothers (52%). Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth was reported by 62%, again more common in non-working mothers (70%) than working mothers (54%). The most common physical challenges included nipple pain (42%), engorgement (35%), and insufficient milk supply (38%). Psychological stress affected 50% of mothers, particularly 62% of working mothers. Only 35% of participants were aware of Human Milk Banks, yet 88% supported their promotion in hospitals. Willingness to donate breast milk was observed in 41% of mothers, and 64% were open to using donor milk if needed, indicating a gap between awareness and acceptance.Conclusion: Based on the study findings, it is evident that while breastfeeding is widely practiced, significant challenges persist—especially among working mothers—affecting early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding rates. Physical issues like nipple pain (42%) and milk insufficiency (38%), along with psychological stress (50%), particularly in employed mothers (62%), contribute to early cessation. Although awareness of Human Milk Banks remains low (35%), the majority (88%) support their promotion, and many mothers are willing to donate (41%) or accept donor milk (64%) when needed. These findings underscore the need for better education, workplace lactation support, and awareness about donor milk to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice and promote optimal infant nutrition.