Ocular neurodegenerative diseases: Linking retinal pathology with cortical neurodegeneration

Purpose: The eye, often regarded as an extension of the brain due to its shared neuronal origin from the neural tube, exhibits strong structural and functional connections with the central nervous system. This review aims to elucidate the bidirectional relationship between ocular and CNS neurodegeneration, emphasizing shared mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications.Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on the overlapping pathophysiological pathways, risk factors, and clinical manifestations linking ocular neurodegenerative diseases (such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy) with CNS disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Key Findings/Discussion: Evidence indicates that chronic retinal neurodegeneration, particularly in aging populations, contributes to major causes of irreversible vision loss. These ocular disorders share common neuroinflammatory, oxidative, and vascular mechanisms with CNS neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting systemic interdependence. Moreover, specific ocular biomarkers and structural retinal changes may reflect early CNS pathology, offering diagnostic and prognostic value.Conclusion: Understanding the interconnected nature of ocular and CNS neurodegeneration provides critical insights into disease onset and progression. Strengthening this knowledge base could foster the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving both visual and neurological function, ultimately improving patients’ quality of life.