Coal Mining in India: A Multidimensional Analysis of Sustainability Challenges and the Imperatives of a Just Energy Transition

This study fills a critical gap in the literature by concurrently analysing the sustainability challenges of coal mining and the just transition imperatives in India, a perspective largely absent in existing energy policy research. Major findings include: (1) coal production exceeded 1 BT in FY2024–25 while renewable capacity reached 50% of non-fossil targets five years early; (2) environmental costs include 35% native land cover loss and double the national TB incidence in mining areas; (3) 1.4 million livelihoods depend on coal, yet no formal just transition policy exists. The study provides a comparative policy framework (EU, USA, UK, South Africa) and recommends capacity building, legal reform, and equitable resource access. India is navigating its role as the second-largest coal consumer while pursuing ambitious renewable-energy targets. The analysis delves into the economic factors driving the predominance of coal, environmental and social costs associated with coal mining, and rapid expansion of India's Renewable Energy Sector (RES). Additionally, it addresses the concept of a "Just Transition" for coal-dependent communities in the region. This study offers insights into harmonizing energy security with sustainability and social justice, providing policy recommendations for a balanced approach to India's energy policy. By examining these interconnected dimensions, this analysis seeks to contribute to the discourse on energy sustainability and provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in India. Major Findings: India‘s coal and renewable sectors are expanding simultaneously, but coal mining causes severe land degradation (35% loss) and public health crises (TB double national average). A just transition framework is absent, risking 1.4 million livelihoods; comparative policy learning from EU/USA/UK/South Africa is urgently needed.