Phytochemical and Pharmacological Discoveries of Eupatorium adenophorum as a Multi-target Agent Against Diabetic Inflammation and Neuropathy

Aim: This review aims to evaluate phytochemical makeup, the taxonomy, botanical features, molecular mechanism and therapeutic rationale to target Eupatorium adenophorum (syn. Argentina adenophora) as a candidate to cure diabetic inflammation, particularly in diabetic neuropathy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databasesincluding Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Elsevier, for studies published between 2015 and2025. Result: Pharmacological studies have shown that extracts and bioactive compounds of Eupatorium adenophorum regulate molecular pathways (NF-κB, AMPK, iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines) to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses implicated in insulin resistance and diabetic neuropathy. However, the presence of cytotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, dose-related adverse actions have been noted, and hence, toxicological evaluation and standardisation arenecessary. The future research should focus on bridging the gaps in this current research by bioactive compoundisolation, mechanistic validation, pharmacokinetics, and controlled in vivo studies. Eupatorium adenophorum has thepossibility of becoming a new phototherapeutic agent in the management of diabetic inflammation and its complications, in particular diabetic neuropathy, with the help of such ethnomedicine and modern pharmacology. Conclusion: Eupatorium adenophorum has encouraging pharmacological characteristics relevant to neuropathic consequences and inflammation in diabetes. However, to prove its safety and therapeutic effectiveness, more research is needed in the areas of bioactive molecule separation, pharmacokinetic profiling, toxicological standardisation, and carefully planned preclinical and clinical trials. Major Findings: Current evidence shows that Eupatorium adenophorum examines the fundamental metabolic–inflammatory processes linked to diabetic neuropathy by regulating NF-κB, AMPK, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokine networks on several targets. Albeit promising neuroprotective, glycaemic, and antioxidant properties, its translational feasibility requires controlled clinical trials, pharmacokinetic profiling, toxicological validation, and strict standardisation.