Foundational Beliefs of Muslim Scholars with an Emphasis on Avicenna's Ideas

Following Avicenna’s assertion about the “justification” of beliefs, Muslim scholars divide human beliefs into two categories: primary self-evident truths and non-self-evident primary truths. In this approach, primary premises are intrinsically affirmed and understood by perceiving the components of the preposition and the connection of the components with each other. Moreover, non-primary premises are confirmed through assertion and reasoning. This study assessed the approach adopted by Muslim scholars, especially Avicenna, and addressed its possible ambiguities. The findings showed that this approach can be used as an effective solution for justifying beliefs based on foundationalism theory.