Why Arduino Robots are More Effective Than Textbooks: Measuring PjBL Impact on Technological Literacy

The study examines how Project-Based Learning (PjBL) enhances technological literacy and machine operation skills among elementary students. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation from 67 students divided into seven project groups, each guided by a teacher. Students developed science projects, including Arduino-based robots, earthquake detectors, and automated systems, to explore practical applications of technology. Content analysis revealed that PjBL significantly improved students’ technical skills, critical thinking, collaboration, and problemsolving abilities. Observations indicated heightened engagement and enthusiasm, while teacher interviews confirmed increased interest in science and technology. Hands-on project work helped students better grasp technological principles, demonstrating PjBL’s effectiveness in fostering early STEM competencies. The findings suggest that integrating PjBL into elementary curricula can effectively prepare Generation Alpha for a technology-driven future. Schools are encouraged to adopt PjBL widely to strengthen foundational technological literacy.