Modern trends in the utilisation of low‐grade geothermal energy for sustainable development

To review current trends in the use of low‐grade geothermal energy of the Earth through geothermal heat pump systems (GHPS), summarising their advantages, challenges and implementation prospects in Russia. The article analyses the principles and structural designs of geothermal systems, performance criteria, thermodynamic aspects and environmental risks. It demonstrates that the use of GHPS reduces greenhouse gas emissions, mitigates the urban heat island effect and improves air quality. Particular attention is paid to regulatory issues, technical barriers and strategies for minimising geoecological risks during system design. The technology’s high energy efficiency and environmental sustainability are highlighted, along with key factors constraining its large‐scale adoption in Russia. Geothermal heat pump systems are a cornerstone of sustainable energy transition, promoting decarbonisation, optimisation of heat balance and the creation of environmentally safe urban environments. Developing national standards, incentives and integrating GHPS into hybrid energy systems are considered necessary.