Digital Transformation and Economic Productivity: Systematic Review of Global Trends in the Industry 4.0 Era

Digital transformation is a key driver of macroeconomic productivity in the Industry 4.0 era, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to identify and analyze 12 relevant scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 to understand the link between digitalization and economic growth. The results show that the adoption of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things contributes to increased Total Factor Productivity (TFP), production efficiency, and national competitiveness. However, these benefits are not evenly distributed due to structural challenges such as the digital divide, limited infrastructure, and low digital literacy. The study highlights that the success of digital transformation is largely determined by institutional readiness, human resource investment, and public policy alignment. Furthermore, there is a significant gap between the focus of global research which is beginning to emphasize digital sustainability (green productivity, carbon emissions) and national policies that still focus solely on industrial efficiency. Therefore, integrating the sustainability agenda into Indonesia's digital transformation strategy is necessary to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth.