MicroRNA Regulation in Cancer: Insights into Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, non-coding RNA molecules that are pivotal in regulating cell growth, development, cell cycle, and programmed cell death. Alterations in miRNA expression, caused by various mechanisms such as amplification, deletion, mutation, or epigenetic changes, can lead to either an increase or decrease in their levels in cancerous cells. Since their initial discovery in 1993, a wealth of research has established miRNAs as key players in oncogenesis and tumor suppression across various human cancers. The study of miRNAs is critical for predicting cancer outcomes and aiding in its detection. Numerous miRNAs have demonstrated potential as markers for cancer prognosis and diagnosis, as well as targets for therapy. Their profound influence on tumor development and spread is becoming increasingly acknowledged. This article presents a summary of how miRNAs are synthesized and generated, and explores their dual function as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Additionally, we delve into the promising applications of miRNAs as instruments for cancer diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and therapeutic intervention.