INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF ANTI-CORRUPTION GOVERNANCE: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE PRACTICES

Objective: The study aims to identify key principles and tools decreasing corruption and promoting greater transparency and accountability of public institutions. The authors analyze the examples of Scandinavian, Asian, and other countries. Singapore and Botswana, which have earned international recognition for their effective implementation of anti-corruption policies, are studied in detail. Methods: The authors utilize a wide range of methodological techniques. This research is inconceivable without comparative legal and legal history analysis, which uncovers general trends and specific features in anti-corruption strategies. Results: Based on an analysis of the legislation, institutional reforms, and social initiatives introduced in the examined countries, the authors offer recommendations on adapting successful practices in countries with high levels of corruption. Particular attention is paid to the role of specialized anti-corruption bodies, such as the Independent Commission Against Corruption in Hong Kong, the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau in Singapore, and the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime in Botswana. The key factors behind the success of these institutions are their independence, broad mandate, and active engagement with civil society and the media. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to implementing anti-corruption policy, including legislative and cultural changes. The findings demonstrate the need for international cooperation and exchange of best practices in anti-corruption policies and their practical implementation. In the age of digitalization, modern technologies are becoming increasingly important and will soon become an instrumental part of the fight against corruption.