Design and Experimental Evaluation of Electromagnetic Energy-Harvesting Speed Humps for Sustainable Urban Transportation

This study presents the design and experimental evaluation of an electromagnetic energy-harvesting speed hump (EHSH), developed to capture vehicular kinetic energy and convert it into usable electrical power. The system incorporates a rack-and-pinion mechanism coupled with a flywheel and permanent-magnet generator to ensure efficient torque transfer and energy storage. Experimental trials were performed with vehicles weighing 1100 kg, 1500 kg, and 2300 kg, operated at speeds ranging from 3 to 12 km/h. The resulting power outputs were recorded in terms of rotational speed, voltage, current, and harvested power, with comparative analysis between front- and rear-axle loading conditions. The results show that higher vehicle weights and speeds significantly increase energy output, with rear wheels generating slightly higher values than front wheels. Recent literature highlights that EHSH systems can achieve average outputs between 9–20 W in field applications and up to 85% conversion efficiency with optimized permanent-magnet linear generators. The findings of this work confirm the potential of EHSHs as sustainable urban infrastructure solutions, while also identifying challenges of fluctuating performance under diverse traffic conditions. This research contributes to ongoing efforts toward integrating renewable energy systems into road safety devices and smart city applications.