Pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity or impulsivity. It affects around 3 to 5% of adults. The main pharmacotherapies for adults with ADHD include psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines (dexamfetamine and lisdexamfetamine), and non-psychostimulants such as atomoxetine. In Australia, the eligibility for subsidy under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme varies depending on whether the patient was diagnosed with ADHD during childhood or adulthood. Individuals prescribed ADHD drugs should be monitored for both physical (e.g. cardiac symptoms, appetite changes, seizures) and psychiatric (e.g. mood disturbances, anxiety, psychosis) adverse effects. While pharmacological treatment is effective for adults with ADHD, it should be integrated into a broader, multidisciplinary approach that also includes nonpharmacological strategies such as psychological therapies and allied health support.