GC-MS based Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Freeze-dried Cashew Apple

Background: Cashew apple is a rich source of essential nutrients, including vitamin C, natural sugars (fructose and sucrose), dietary fiber, flavonoids, carotenoids, total polyphenols, volatile compounds, flavanols, amino acids and vital minerals such as potassium, magnesium, sodium and iron. These components contribute to strong immunity, antioxidant activity, proper nerve and heart function and the maintenance of healthy skin and overall bodily health. Although highly perishable, the cashew apple possesses a rich phytochemical profile. Considering this, the present study aims to identify its bioactive compounds to explore its therapeutic potential. Methods: The study evaluated various drying methods, including sun drying, solar drying, cabinet drying, microwave drying and freeze drying, to determine the best technique for retaining the nutritional quality and sensory attributes of cashew apple products. Freeze drying was found to be the most preferred method. The freeze-dried cashew apple samples were then analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with methanol, ethanol and acetone as solvents to identify the bioactive compounds present. Result: Among the drying techniques, freeze drying was found to preserve the highest nutritional value and sensory quality. GC-MS analysis revealed (Z)-3-(pentadec-8-en-1-yl) phenol as the dominant compound, known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. β-Sitosterol, which aids in cholesterol reduction and cardiovascular support, was also identified. Siloxane compounds and glyceraldehyde, contributing to metabolic function and product stability, were detected primarily in ethanol and acetone extracts. Methanol and acetone were the most effective solvents for extracting a broad spectrum of phytochemicals.