Genetic variability and inter-trait relationship for yield improvement in common bean

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a critical source of dietary protein in developing nations and contributes to food security as a predominantly unprocessed food crop.However, in regions like Malakand Division-Pakistan, local bean varieties often exhibit poor yield which underscore the need to identify superior genotypes to enhance production.This study was conducted to assess genetic variability and inter-trait associations in common bean.Six common bean genotypes were evaluated for yield improvement using a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2025.All studied genotypes showed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) for yield and its component parameters.The genotypes Tiger, Black Queen and Gorilla appeared as early maturing genotypes compared with the check variety, Swat Local.Moreover, the genotypes Gorilla and Green Hill outperformed all other genotypes, including the local check, in terms of grain yield.The direct use of these genotypes in breeding programs promises to enhance crop productivity, farmer income, and regional food security.Broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all studied parameters, indicating a strong influence of genetic variance.Grain yield showed a significant positive association with pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and thousand-grain weight.Based on their enhanced agronomic performance in yield and component traits, all studied genotypes are identified as promising candidates for use in selective breeding programs aimed at improving common bean cultivation.