Advances in the use of hemp as feed for aquaculture

Expansion of the ingredient portfolio is crucial for sustainable aquaculture, as it ensures that the supply of feed ingredients aligns with future aquafeed demand. Industrial hemp grain and its co-products are plant-based materials known for their high-quality and easily digestible protein, healthy fats, and appropriate micronutrients required for the optimal growth and development of fish and shellfish. Hemp protein is rich in edestin (globulin), albumin, and sulfur-containing amino acids, while the oil is characteristically rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). Despite these benefits, hemp is not without challenges. It contains notable anti-nutritional factors and is high in fiber. Furthermore, the presence of psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and its possible accumulation in flesh remain a subject of investigation. Nevertheless, research has demonstrated that hempseed cake/meal and oil may be effectively incorporated into fish diets, serving as sustainable alternative feed ingredients for aquatic animals.