A review of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment approach for temporomandibular disorders

Stem cell-based therapies are contemporary approaches that particularly involve the use of mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent precursors capable of differentiating from various cell sources, including adipocytes, myocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. They have self-renewal capabilities and possess properties that support hemostasis, reduce inflammation, modulate the immune response, and promote tissue regeneration. The paracrine activity of mesenchymal stem cells serves as a significant mechanism for their therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the secretomes of mesenchymal stem cells which consist of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles. Extracellular vesicles are classified into two subtypes: ectosomes and exosomes. These secretions hold potential as innovative tools in regenerative medicine and dentistry for diagnosing, managing, and monitoring various diseases. This review focused on mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes and their potential as an alternative strategy for the therapeutic management of temporomandibular disorders. It also summarized the benefits and drawbacks associated with this treatment