Islamic Constitutionalism and Legal Pluralism in Indonesia

The historical disputes between Islamic law, Pancasila, and human rights are examined in this research of Islamic constitutionalism in Indonesia's complex legal landscape. This study examines Old Order to Reform Era developments from a historical-legal standpoint. It covers the Jakarta Charter discussions, the Masyumi party ban, and the changing relationship between state and religion during the New Order. It shows how Indonesia institutionalizes legal diversity by integrating state, Islamic, and customary law while upholding constitutional supremacy. Aceh's qanun implementation shows that maintaining regional sovereignty, Sharia-based legislation, and constitutional equality and religious freedom is challenging. The rise of Sharia-inspired rules, particularly in Aceh, raises questions about Indonesia's constitutional identity and human rights, particularly gender discrimination and minority rights. This paper promotes legal harmonization, institutional monitoring, and an inclusive approach to Indonesia's complex legal structure to match Islamic legal ambitions with democratic ideals. Keywords: Constitutionalism, Islamic Law, Qanun, Pluralism, and Human Rights.