Does zirconium compounds impact glass ionomer cements properties?

Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to comprehensively search the literature to identify and present available published information regarding the addition of zirconium compounds into glass ionomer cements (GICs), the incorporation methodologies, and the impact of zirconium on the properties of GICs. Methods: The protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework Registries (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BWVJK). The search was conducted across eight databases in June 2023. Selected journals were screened for potential predatory status. Data regarding study design, classification of dental materials, zirconium incorporation, and property assessments were extracted and synthesized. Results: A total of 72 studies, mostly in vitro, were included. Zirconomer, commercially modified GICs, and experimental GICs were identified. Zirconia 10% was the most common added zirconium compound, and nanometric particles resulted in superior mechanical performance. Regarding compressive strength and microhardness, Zirconomer exhibited superior results, while modified or experimental GICs demonstrated lower values compared to commercial GICs lacking zirconium compounds. Zirconomer is the sole commercially available zirconium-based GIC. Among the experimental materials, zirconia nanoparticles at 5% and 10% incorporation ratios presented the most favorable mechanical properties, especially microhardness and compressive strength. Conclusion: These findings suggest a favorable scenario for the clinical application of glass ionomer cements modified with zirconium compounds. Glass ionomer cements modified with zirconium compounds showed enhanced mechanical properties relevant for restorative dentistry.