Coupling of photocatalysis with traditional catalysis to facilitate the conversion of carbohydrates

Photocatalysis has been increasingly investigated as an alternative approach to traditional catalysis for biomass conversions, though both strategies have advantages and disadvantages. Herein, we present an overview on the coupling of photocatalysis with traditional catalysis and their applications in the conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates to value-added chemicals. These applications include: (1) modulation of an adscititious oxidant and in situ generated mediator to boost the photocatalytic oxidation of carbohydrates to chemicals; (2) coupling of photocatalysis with basic catalysis to facilitate the conversion of carbohydrates to lactic acid with H2 production; and (3) coupling of photocatalysis with acid catalysis for the polysaccharide hydrolysis to monosaccharides, glucose isomerization to fructose and dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. We believe that the rational combination of photocatalysis with traditional catalysis would not only provide an effective strategy for the design and development of more effective catalytic systems for biomass conversions, but also create new opportunities for synergetic utilization of material and energy.