The Evolution of Sustainability Reporting and Challenges of Financial Auditors

This study examines the evolution of sustainability reporting in the Romanian energy sector, based on the reports of two major operators for the period 2011-2024. A mixed-methodology approach was employed, which included the analysis of lexical frequencies, a comparative evaluation of the structure and content of sustainability reports before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and a SWOT matrix of the challenges faced by non-financial auditors. The results highlight the transition from voluntary reports, focused on quantitative data and narrative descriptions, to mandatory, integrated reports subject to a formal assurance process, with increased transparency requirements and the implementation of a rigorous methodological framework. The SWOT analysis highlights the disciplinary robustness of traditional financial auditing, as well as the gaps generated by the absence of a common language and insufficient expertise in the field of ESG (environmental, social, and governance), and the potential offered by digitalization and interdisciplinary training programs.