Molecular Insights into the Management of Eugenol's Anticancer Action Against Colon Cancer: A Detailed Review

Colon cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignancies globally, influenced by genetic mutations, environmental factors, and chronic inflammatory processes. Natural phytochemicals, particularly eugenol derived from Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), demonstrate selective cytotoxicity toward malignant cells while preserving healthy cellular integrity. This review synthesizes current evidence on eugenol's physicochemical properties, absorption kinetics, and molecular mechanisms underlying its anticancer efficacy in colorectal carcinomas. Eugenol's multitargeted action encompasses apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, suppression of inflammatory pathways, and inhibition of metastatic progression. Furthermore, nanotechnological encapsulation strategies have been explored to enhance bioavailability and pharmacokinetic stability. The present analysis consolidates preclinical findings, discusses clinical translation challenges, and identifies future research directions for eugenol as an adjunctive therapeutic agent in cancer management.