A Structured Framework for IoT-Based Energy Management in Smart Grids: From Architectural Foundations to Intelligent Operational Approaches

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is significantly transforming approaches to monitoring and controlling technological processes in Smart Grid systems, providing enhanced capabilities for integrating distributed energy resources. The increasing complexity and heterogeneity, as well as the scaling up of modern decentralized energy systems, necessitate the coordinated integration of data collection and analytics models with control algorithms within a unified conceptual architecture. This article presents a structured framework for intelligent energy management within an IoT-based Smart Grid infrastructure, progressing from architectural foundations to intelligent system-level approaches. This work presents a generalized classification and a comprehensive analysis of approaches categorized as data-driven, model-driven, knowledge-driven, agent-based, and hybrid-oriented within a unified IoT-based environment. The integration principles of mobile energy sources are taken into account and are treated here as dy-namic data sources that influence the formation of information flows and decision-making pro-cesses. The key challenges associated with uncertainty, scalability, interoperability, coordination, cybersecurity, and the integration of modern artificial intelligence (AI) approaches have been identified. The proposed framework expands understanding of the interaction between IoT infra-structure and intelligent control mechanisms and can be used to develop rational models for the digitalization of energy systems.