Machine Learning for Heatwave Prediction: A Global Scoping Review of Environmental Predictors and Modelling Practices

As extreme heat events increase in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change, forecasting these events has become vital for early warning systems, public health preparedness, and climate adaptation strategies, especially in the hottest parts of the world. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has increasingly been applied to environmental and meteorological data to improve the prediction of heatwaves and extreme heat events. This scoping review examines global peer-reviewed literature on the application of ML techniques for extreme heat prediction using environmental variables. This includes heatwave prediction, environmental and meteorological predictors used in these models, and the geographical distribution of existing research. A total of 23 peer-reviewed studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the review, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The findings indicate that artificial neural networks and random forest models are among the most frequently reported high-performing approaches for heatwave prediction. Temperature-related variables, especially maximum temperatures, were consistently identified as the most influential predictors across studies. Furthermore, the evidence base was heavily concentrated in Europe and North America, with comparatively limited representation from low- and middle-income countries, despite these regions often experiencing disproportionate impacts of climate change and extreme heat exposure. By synthesising current evidence on ML-based heatwave prediction, associated environmental predictors, and geographical research trends, this review provides insights to support the development of more robust, context-aware, and globally representative heatwave forecasting frameworks.