Barriers, Perceptions, and Solutions in the Dissemination of Horticultural Cultivars: Insights from Farmers and Experts in Iran

The adoption of improved horticultural cultivars is crucial for increasing agricultural productivity, yet in Iran, there remains a significant gap between the introduction of new cultivars and their adoption by farmers. This study explores barriers to dissemination and uptake from the perspectives of both experts and farmers across nine provinces, focusing on key horticultural products. Using stratified random sampling, data were collected from 825 farmers and 231 experts through structured questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS. Results showed broad agreement between groups regarding major obstacles: delays and limited access to information on new cultivars, restricted availability of quality seeds and seedlings, insufficient opportunities for trial cultivation, lack of demonstration farms, and poor adaptation of some cultivars to local conditions. These challenges fall into four categories—informational, economic, knowledge-based, and managerial. Over 62% of experts and 46% of farmers reported receiving cultivar-related information with considerable delays. While many farmers had attended training programs, most rated them as below average, highlighting deficiencies in current extension approaches. To address these issues, the study proposes an integrated management strategy with three pillars: (1) strengthening communication and training through effective courses, digital platforms, and extension materials; (2) developing technical and demonstration infrastructure via model orchards, demonstration farms, and mother orchards; and (3) implementing supportive economic measures such as credit facilities, subsidies for seedling purchase, and guaranteed markets for products. Overall, reducing informational delays, improving technical support systems, and providing financial incentives are critical to bridging the gap between cultivar innovation and adoption in Iran.