Garden Sentiments of Ancient Chinese Literati: An Exploration of Botanical Aesthetic Concepts in The Craft of Gardens (Yuan Ye)

Abstract Plants play a vital role in the aesthetics of classical Chinese gardens. Ji Cheng’s Yuan Ye (The Craft of Gardens) provides a systematic theory of garden design, emphasizing the significance of plants. This study examines 24 plant species in Yuan Ye, analyzing their landscape concepts and cultural symbolism. By exploring Ji Cheng’s experiences and historical context, it reveals the tension between literati ideals and the disillusionment of unrecognized talent. Through a cross-textual analysis of Yuan Ye, classical poetry, and garden paintings, the research investigates the symbolic meanings of pine, bamboo, and plum in moral virtues and chrysanthemums in reclusion. It also defines the aesthetic characteristics of plant landscapes in classical gardens. The findings demonstrate that plants not only enhance the garden environment but also convey profound cultural symbolism and literati sentiments. Ancient literati expressed virtues and emotions through garden plants, seeking spiritual refuge and cultural identity. This study provides a new perspective on classical garden aesthetics and offers insights for modern garden design, highlighting the enduring cultural significance of plant landscapes.