Beneath the surface: A survey evaluating ASF preparedness across the Caribbean and Latin America

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) threatens pig production across the Americas, yet empirical data on preparedness capacity remain sparse. To inform regional planning and capacity building, we conducted a comparative assessment of ASF preparedness across countries and territories (hereafter “territories”) in the Caribbean basin. We identified a target population of 44 territories in and around the Caribbean basin. The final sample size was 18 territories, 41% of the study population. Via semi-structured interviews, respondents completed a 0–10 agreement-scale questionnaire investigating ASF preparedness. Quantitative analysis was used to construct a territory-by-statement matrix and Spearman correlation matrix. Qualitative data were analyzed inductively. A wide range of preparedness scores was found, with the highest preparedness score observed for the presence of legislative authority to prevent and respond to ASF incursion, and the lowest score observed for the characterization of the feral swine population. Correlations were identified between contingency planning and operational readiness; wildlife and risk-based surveillance; and prevention regulations, ASF governance, and producer communication. Additionally, a thematic analysis was performed to identify specific gaps in preparedness; gaps were found in communication and coordination, pig production system characterization, prevention and control, resources, surveillance, and traceability. Site visits were performed to validate the questionnaires. Our study shows gaps in preparedness throughout the region, most noticeably in island territories. Capacity building efforts should take into consideration the needs of the requesting territory as well as the level of impact the proposed intervention would have.