Physicochemical and Rheological Characterization of PVA–Borax Hydrogels with Potential in Wound Care Applications

Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–borax hydrogels exhibit adjustable mechanical and rheological properties, making them promising candidates for biomedical use. This study reports the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of PVA–borax hydrogels to identify formulations with properties suitable for future wound care applications. Eight hydrogel compositions were prepared using 8 % and 10 % PVA combined with four activator formulations containing borax, boric acid, humectants (glycerol and/or propylene glycol), preservatives, and salts. The hydrogels were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity measurements, extension testing, self-healing analysis, absorption studies, and short-term durability assessment. FTIR confirmed borate–diol crosslinking and the presence of characteristic functional groups. Rheological tests revealed shear-thinning behavior, with 10 % PVA formulations showing higher viscosity across all shear rates. Extension and self-healing tests demonstrated that glycerol enhanced flexibility and repair, whereas propylene glycol increased stiffness. Absorption studies indicated up to ~80 % phosphate-buffered saline uptake in the 10PAG formulation (10 % PVA with glycerol activator). A 4-hour skin-contact durability test showed minimal changes in pH and mass, indicating short-term stability. Among all samples, the 10PAG formulation achieved the most favorable balance of mechanical strength, fluid absorption, self-healing, and viscosity appropriate for skin adhesion. These findings establish structure–property relationships for PVA–borax hydrogels and highlight compositions with potential for future development as wound care or drug-delivery platforms.