Mapping Meal Patterns Across Food Groups Using a Mixed Methods Approach Among Tribal Communities of Anjaw District in India

Abstract Tribal communities in India remain nutritionally vulnerable due to geographic isolation, limited dietary diversity and poor access to balanced foods. The Anjaw district of Arunachal Pradesh, characterized by difficult terrain and fragile food systems, represents one such high-risk area where evidence on dietary practices remains limited. This study explored dietary meal patterns among 160 participants in Anjaw district using a 24-hour dietary recall method. Food items were grouped into twelve food groups and analysed across four daily meals: breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner using correspondence analysis to assess associations and consumption patterns. Additionally, qualitative insights were gathered through key informant interviews to understand how environmental, socio-economic and cultural factors influence dietary patterns. Results showed a strong dependence on cereals, roots and tubers, vegetables, oils and fats, reflecting a carbohydrate-rich diet with limited variety. Meal preferences were highest for lunch, followed by dinner, breakfast and snacks. Lunch was the most nutrient-rich meal, including pulses and occasional animal-source foods while breakfast and dinner were mainly cereal-based. Qualitative findings revealed that low income, limited accessibility, availability and cultural preferences reinforced reliance on staple and low dietary diversity. The findings highlight both dietary and contextual factors influencing dietary patterns in this study. To improve dietary diversity and nutrient intake; interventions should diversify the Public Distribution System (PDS) with fortified staple and pulses, strengthen ICDS through locally available nutrient-dense foods and promote kitchen gardens and small livestock rearing to ensure sustainable nutrition security aligning with Sustainable Development Goal Zero Hunger and Good Health and Well-being for inclusive growth.