Liquid-Solid Hybrid Power Converter For High Frequency Energy Conversion

Abstract Conventional solid-state power converters are constrained by fixed topologies and high-frequency alternating current losses from skin and proximity effects, limiting adaptability in modern energy conversion systems. Here we introduce a liquidsolid hybrid power converter (LHPC) in which all current-carrying paths and reconfigurable interconnects are formed by electrically actuated gallium-based liquid metal. Using an electric field to manipulate the motion of the liquid metal conductor (LMC), the converter reconfigures between two pairs of topologies: Flyback and Half-bridge, Buck and Boost. We demonstrate open-loop bidirectional reconfiguration between Flyback and Half-bridge modes, and closed-loop bidirectional reconfiguration between Buck and Boost modes. The power electronic circuits are fully constructed from LMC and all converters are implemented on boards fabricated from laser-cut poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), enabling repeatable and reversible topology transitions under different high-frequency conditions with stable performance. Unlike conventional printed circuit board (PCB)-based planar converters, our approach supports rapid circuit deployment, fast recycling, and the creation of multidimensional converter structures, which are made possible by injecting or pumping LMC into PMMA boards.