Causes of Football Hooliganism in Stadiums with Particular Reference to Ethiopian Premier League in Addis Ababa

Abstract This study investigated the causes of football hooliganism in the Ethiopian Premier League in Addis Ababa. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected via surveys, observations, document analysis, and key informant interviews with federation officials, referees, journalists, and fans. The analysis revealed that the primary drivers are club rivalries mirroring deep-seated ethnic and regional political antagonisms, and the general politicization of the sport. Match-day triggers include biased refereeing, ineffective policing, poor team performance, alcohol consumption, and provocative chanting. The study concludes that the fundamental solution lies in depoliticizing the game and “de-ethnifying” clubs by banning ethnic names and symbols to dismantle the core narratives fueling violence.