Advancing the Monitoring of Slow-Moving Urban Landslides through Integrated InSAR and Real-Time Inclinometers: The Sarajevo Case Study

Abstract This study develops and applies an integrated ground- and satellite-based monitoring framework for slow-moving urban landslides in Sarajevo, improving the quantitative understanding of slope dynamics in complex built environments. Ground-based inclinometers identified deep-seated sliding surfaces (>7 m) with cumulative displacements up to 4 cm/year, while a real-time MEMS inclinometer captured short-term rainfall-induced accelerations. To extend spatial coverage, Sentinel-1 InSAR time series processed using both AMS P-SBAS and StaMPS were validated against in-situ measurements and subsequently applied to the 2022–2025 period to map deformation across the wider urban area. The integrated analysis demonstrates the strong potential of combining field surveys and remote sensing for landslide detection, mapping, and monitoring, and shows that deformation is concentrated in only a few localized zones, indicating that the previously assessed hazard level in Sarajevo is overly conservative.