Environmental implications of Chemical based artisanal and small scale mining in post war Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Abstract Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is one of the top off farm sources of livelihood, causing drastic environmental and health problems, which, however, has overlooked. This synthesis was aimed to assess the multidimensional crisis, particularly environmental consequences from the chemical based ASMs in the aftermath of the devastating war in Tigray. An investigation of audio-visual content released through media, systematic literature review, as well as field observations and discussions were used to generate quantitative and qualitative data. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, narrative, and content analysis methods. The findings revealed a dramatic increase in illegal, informal and indirect participation in ASMs. These have evolved into aggressive, land-destructive, and toxigenic operations involving the widespread use of internationally banned chemicals, particularly mercury (Hg) and cyanide (CN). This escalation is attributed to the collapse of previously functional systems for legalizing, formalizing, regulating, and monitoring ASMs. The use of these toxic substances poses significant environmental threats by disrupting hydrological processes, altering soil dynamics, and undermining agricultural productivity. Their infiltrations into human and animal bodies are potential to cause severe health risks. Addressing this complex and multifaceted challenge requires a research-informed, coordinated, and multi-sectoral approach that carefully balances economic and livelihood needs with the imperative to protect environmental integrity and public health.