Antimicrobial Residues and Milk‑Handling Practices among Fulani Women Vendors in Informal Dairy Markets, Northern Nigeria: A Cross‑Sectional Survey

Abstract Objective Antimicrobial residues in milk and dairy products contribute to the transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through food systems, particularly in informal dairy markets where regulation and veterinary access remain limited. In northern Nigeria, Fulani women are central actors in milk production, processing, and marketing, yet their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding residue risks remain poorly documented. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 77 Fulani women vendors in Sabongari and Zaria, Kaduna State, using a structured, pretested questionnaire administered in Hausa, Fulfulde, and English. Data were analysed descriptively, and composite scores were used to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) associated with antimicrobial-residue risk pathways. Findings Awareness of antimicrobial residues was limited (54.5%), nearly half (49.4%) considered it acceptable to sell milk during antibiotic treatment, and only 44.2% consistently observed withdrawal periods. Unsafe practices such as ambient storage, shared udder cloths, and non-refrigerated transport were widespread. None reported use of rapid residue-testing kits. Composite scoring revealed low overall performance (knowledge: 19%; attitudes: 11%; practices: 23%; total: 18%), highlighting systemic gaps in awareness, compliance, and hygiene. Conclusion These findings underscore the need for gender-responsive training, accessible veterinary extension, and integration of women vendors into One Health-aligned stewardship frameworks to reduce consumer exposure risks and strengthen food safety governance.