Hygiene, Milking, Storage, Transport and Consumption Practices among Fulani Women Vendors in Informal Dairy Markets, Northern Nigeria: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance Exposure

Abstract Objective To systematically evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to hygiene, milking, storage, transport, and consumption within informal dairy value chains in Kaduna State, Nigeria, and to identify behavioural and infrastructural gaps that potentiate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exposure. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 77 Fulani women vendors in Zaria and Sabon Gari markets between June and December 2024. A structured questionnaire captured 10 knowledge items, 10 attitude statements, and 42 practice indicators. Responses were analysed as proportional frequencies, and composite KAP scores were calculated to quantify performance across domains. Findings Knowledge was markedly weak (33.6%): although vaccination adherence was high (72.7%), misconceptions were entrenched; only 16.9% understood biosecurity, 18.2% recognised laboratory testing as necessary, and nearly half erroneously believed milk is routinely tested before sale. Attitudes were moderately positive (60.3%), with strong agreement that biosecurity reduces antimicrobial use (mean = 5.30) and residues are harmful (mean = 4.10). Yet unsafe orientations persisted, including acceptance of selling milk during treatment (mean = 3.69). Practices were mixed (44.8%): daily cleaning and vaccination were common, but udder hygiene was poor (23.4% dual-phase cleaning, 5.2% detergent use), and cold chain continuity was rare (32.5% during transport). The composite KAP score of 46.2% revealed a substantial knowledge–practice gap. Conclusion Nigeria’s informal dairy chains exhibit systemic deficiencies that facilitate the transmission of AMR. Strengthening biosecurity, improving udder hygiene, expanding cold chain infrastructure, and embedding residue surveillance, alongside behaviourally grounded and gender-responsive training, are urgent priorities. These measures must be aligned with Nigeria’s National Biosecurity Policy and harmonised with global AMR frameworks, thereby advancing food safety governance and mitigating consumer exposure to antimicrobial hazards.