Reforming Artisanal Mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Review and Zambia's Policy Pathway

This article explores the transition from criminalization to formalization in managing artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) across six Sub-Saharan African countries. Through a comparative policy analysis of regulatory frameworks, institutional capacities, and implementation outcomes, the study identifies the mechanisms shaping effective ASM formalization. Findings reveal that while legal reforms exist across the region, persistent informality stems from complex licensing systems, weak decentralization, limited support services, and inconsistent enforcement. The paper distills policy lessons for Zambia, recommending a more integrated and service-oriented governance approach. By aligning with regional best practices, Zambia can close the gap between legal intent and practical outcomes in ASM governance.