Observational Study on Incisional Hernia Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors After Midline Laparotomy

Background: Incisional hernia is a frequent postoperative complication after abdominal surgeries, particularly midline laparotomies. It contributes to morbidity, affects quality of life, and often requires reoperation. Assessing its prevalence and related risk factors is crucial for prevention. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of incisional hernia and identify demographic, clinical, and surgical risk factors among patients undergoing midline laparotomy. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Hitech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, from September 2024 to April 2025. A total of 100 patients who had undergone midline laparotomy at least six months earlier were included. Demographic, clinical, and intraoperative data were collected using a structured proforma. Diagnosis of incisional hernia was confirmed by physical examination and imaging when required. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with p-values 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.009), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.01), wound infection (p = 0.002), emergency surgery (p = 0.02), and prolonged operative time (p = 0.01). Most hernias developed within one year post-surgery, predominantly in the infraumbilical region. Conclusion: Incisional hernia remains a common complication after midline laparotomy. Addressing modifiable factors such as glycaemic control, nutrition, and infection prevention can reduce its incidence.