Etiological Determinants, Biological Mechanisms, Clinical Spectrum, and Functional Nutritional Therapeutics for Thyroid Disorders in Women - A Narrative Review

Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders globally and disproportionately affects women due to hormonal variability, autoimmune susceptibility, and increased micronutrient requirements across reproductive life stages. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism disrupt metabolic homeostasis, reproductive health, cardiovascular function, neurological activity, and skeletal integrity. The aetiology of thyroid disorders involves complex interactions among genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, environmental exposure, gut microbiota imbalance, and nutritional deficiencies. Emerging evidence highlights the role of functional foods, dietary bioactive compounds, and personalized nutritional interventions in thyroid hormone synthesis, immune modulation, and oxidative stress regulation. This review integrates current evidence on etiological determinants, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, gut?thyroid interactions, and personalized functional nutritional strategies in thyroid disorder management among women.