Study of Serum Adenosine Deaminase and IFN-γ Levels: A Biphasic Immune Response Model in COVID-19 Patients

Background: SARS CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection spread worldwide, leading to the covid-19 pandemic between 2019 and 2021. There is an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. As a counterimmune response, there is activation of type 2 helper T cells (IL-4 & IL-10) to suppress inflammation. Initiating an abnormal excessive immune response is associated with a cytokine storm. The aim and objective is to estimate serum ADA and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in covid-19 patients. To compare ADA and interferon-γ between ICU and non-ICU patients. To find correlation between ADA and interferon-γ. Material and Methods: The study group comprised ILI, SARI and pneumonia cases. A total of 79 patients were included in the study group. Patients were separated into ICU and non-ICU groups according to the severity of their conditions at the time of admission. There were 25 ICU patients and 54 non-ICU patients. Results: Serum ADA level was raised compared to the normal range. There was a significant elevation in ADA levels in non-ICU admitted patients compared to ICU patients. (p