Micronutrients and bioactive compounds in neuroprotection: Potential, mechanisms, and dietary sources

Nutritional support, as a strategy either alternative or complementary to conventional pharmacotherapy, demonstrates significant potential for modulating the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of micronutrients and bioactive compounds in neuroprotection and neuroregulation. It examines the mechanisms of action of vitamins (E, D, K, A, B complex, C), minerals (selenium, zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, iodine, manganese), and polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulating antioxidant defense, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter metabolism. Particular emphasis is placed on their capacity to mitigate oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, while concurrently enhancing neurotrophic support (e. g., BDNF, NGF). The significance of nutrient synergy, exemplified by the combination of vitamin B 12 and omega-3 fatty acids, for augmenting neuroprotective effects is highlighted. The review discusses the challenges associated with translating findings from preclinical studies into clinical practice, including variability in bioavailability and the necessity for personalized nutritional approaches. Future research should be directed towards developing comprehensive dietary strategies and elucidating the role of gut microbiota in the metabolism of neuroactive compounds.